Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. In the 1-cell embryo, probably together with gpa-16, controls nuclear rotation and spindle elongation during mitosis. During the first embryonic cell divisions, plays a role in gpr-1/2 cortical localization and in the proper orientation of EMS blastomere mitotic spindle. Polarity determinants (par genes) may regulate lin-5/gpr-1/gpr-2/goa-1 locally to create the asymmetric forces that drive spindle movement. Involved in chemosensory responses to attractive and repellent odors detected by AWC and AWB sensory neurons, respectively. In ASER neurons, acts downstream of glr-3 to regulate cold avoidance behavior via calcium signaling, and it may also play a role in sensing cold in the intestine. Negatively regulates axon regeneration after injury downstream of the inhibitory compound arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) by antagonizing the activation of the JNK pathway (mlk-1/mek-1/kgb-1). In neurons, may negatively regulate diacylglycerol (DAG) production mediated by egl-30 signaling cascade and thereby negatively regulates acetylcholine release. Couples to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor gar-2 to negatively regulate cholinergic receptor activity in the presence of high levels of acetylcholine in ventral cord motor neurons. Plays a role in the navigational capacity of sperm and the targeting of sperm derived from males to the fertilization site in the uterus of hermaphrodites. Involved in egg-laying and in regulating dopamine-mediated locomotion. Most likely couples to the dopamine receptors dop-2 and dop-3 to positively regulate the dopamine-mediated suppression of crh-1/CREB1 transcription factor activation in cholinergic SIA neurons in the presence of food.